Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Aviation Essay examples - 463 Words

There are several factors that enabled Wilbur and Orville Wright, two high school dropouts, to produce a successful airplane controlled by a pilot. The Wright brothers were self-educated and very experienced with several types of technologies when they began their efforts to produce an airplane. Having worked as bicycle mechanics, they understood the importance of several technologies working together to create one particular design, as well as the significance of balance. The brothers worked well together, learning from past attempts at aviation, and drawing from other’s findings, in addition to discovering many of their own. One of the most distinct differences in their attempt from other aviators was that the brothers began by first†¦show more content†¦They were willing to take their design in small steps, working toward a fully powered plane, whereas, most aviators attempted to add power first. As accomplished pilots, they were able to better control the plane on ce an engine was added. The Wright’s were masters in using graphic mental imagery to understand structure and design. The ability to form visual pictures of how a piece should look and operate and then put that picture to physical hardware was a key point in their success. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Two prime examples of successful airplanes are the Spirit of St. Louis and the DC-3. On May 21, 1927, Charles Lindbergh completed the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in history. His accomplishment helped to reassure the pubic as to the reliability and safety of airplanes. From then on, the aviation industry as a whole increased in profit and in interest. More planes were produced and used for differing reasons. The public was astonished at the achievement and started to believe in the idea of commercial aviation being open to the general public. In 1935, the aviation system in America proudly produced the versatile DC-3, using it primarily to carry passengers and cargo. This plane was the first to make a profit from flying passengers, as well as the first to fly non stop from New York to Chicago with comfort amenities. Later, it was and in some cases still used today to move cargo. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Recognition is due to theShow MoreRelatedContribution Of The Aviation Industry On The Uk Economy1261 Words   |  6 PagesTrade 2.2 Overall Trade 3. Impact of Tourism 4. Impact of Employment 5. Impact of Tax 6. Conclusion Contribution of the aviation industry to the UK Economy 1. Introduction This explosion provides research of how the UK Economy contributes to the Aviation industry in various way with the standard points and innovation – have impacted on UK economic growth through the Aviation industry. By this report, contribution to UK economy has explained such as trade, tourism, employment and government taxRead MoreSkill Development in Indian Civil Aviation2599 Words   |  10 PagesDEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CIVIL AVIATION SECTOR: OPPORTUNITY AND CHALLENGES INTRODUCTION: Indian civil aviation sector is poised for growth. Reports suggest that the Indian civil aviation sector will become the largest civil aviation market by the year 2030. A series of positive reforms have spurred the Indian civil aviation sector, the biggest of them have been the easing of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in airlines. There have been some other reforms like direct import of Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF), ExternalRead MoreIndian Aviation Industry : The Indian Domestic Aviation Market3000 Words   |  12 PagesIndian Aviation Industry The Indian Domestic Aviation market registered a growth of 5% in FY 2013-14 with a total of 60.3 million domestic passengers carried during the year. Market share of Low Cost Carriers (LCC) comprising SpiceJet, Indigo, Jet Lite, Go Air continued to increase at the cost of the Full Service Carriers. The market share of the LCCs increased to 64% in the domestic space, with ~25% CAGR for domestic passengers carried over the last 4 years. Indian LCCs (Indigo, SpiceJet) haveRead MoreGeneral Aviation And A Business Jet1260 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral Aviation Value Analysis – The Comparison This General Aviation Value Analysis will provide a comparison between commercial aviation and a business jet. To help with this comparison a short distance and a long distance trip will be used. Both trips will be a business trip in nature and each include myself and three additional colleagues. The business trip is set for July 12th. The departure location is Seattle, WA to Boise, ID (short t rip) and Seattle, WA to Houston, TX (long trip). The analysisRead MoreEducation And Training Within The Aviation Industry1635 Words   |  7 PagesEducation and Training within the Aviation Industry Kamiana K. Jardine Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Management 314: Human Resource Management Professor Trish Poznick Abstract This essay examines how companies are meeting the demand for a highly skilled work force through the integration of technology and higher education as well as adaptation policies enacted by the FAA. It will examine the current market as well as forecast the next few years within the industry and how this will affectRead MoreA Brief Note On The Aviation Safety Of Aviation Accidents1826 Words   |  8 Pageshumans are accountable for approximately 70-80% of aviation accidents (p.156). A majority of these are caused by the different variables associated with human performance. Psychological factors have a key role in a pilot’s everyday responsibility. Some of these traits include: perception, memory, attitude, judgment and decision making, as well as ego (Rodrigues Cusick, 2012, p. 158-160). These qualities can have drastic effects in commercial aviation if they are not recognized and adjusted accordinglyRead MoreCommercial Aviation Management824 Words   |  4 Pagesmiddle sc hool years, my love for flying kept on growing and with the guidance from my parents, I started selecting courses that would help me build the basis for more advanced aviation related courses in the future. I started taking extra curricular activities such as map reading, studying advances in the field of aviation and making model airplanes. I also started reading books written by veteran pilots sharing their life long experiences, do’s and don’ts and explaining best possible choices toRead MoreNotes On Indian Aviation And Airlines3190 Words   |  13 Pagessite 11 5.7 Aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenue 11 6 Economic Impacts on Indian Aviation and Airlines due to Night Flight Operation Restrictions 12 6.1 Restriction on Night Operations of Chapter 2 Aircraft: 13 7 Appendix 15 8 Conclusion 16 9 References 17 List of Figures Figure 1 : Key factors in economic impact caused by airports (Torvonin, 2005) 2 Figure 2 : Key impacts caused by airport and aviation activities ( UK, 2011) 5 Figure 3: Direct Impact of Delhi Airport 13 Figure 4 – DelhiRead MoreGeneral Aviation Aircraft Value Analysis1592 Words   |  7 PagesGeneral Aviation Aircraft Value Analysis A value analysis of four different modes of transportation was conducted to assess which would be the most economical by means of time and expense. Two separate trips were analyzed. The first, a relatively shorter trip of 1200 miles round trip from Detroit Michigan to Nashville Tennessee. The second, a longer trip of 2800 round trip miles from Detroit to Miami Florida. Three colleagues were used as a baseline for costs for all modes of transportation. TheRead MoreBirth of Aviation Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesindustry in particular, and in aviation activity in general, resulted in the need to have aviation managed, controlled, and regulated as a comprehensive system so that its potential for widespread growth would be met† (Wells Young, 2011 p.57). Throughout the next fifty to sixty years the airline airlines jumped through many hoops that consisted of consumer fears, competition, regulation and deregulation. The government began developing programs such as the Federal Aviation Act, Department of Transportation

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Welfare Marijuana Of Our Society - 1303 Words

Welfare -The Cannabis of Our Society Welfare has been a major controversy in the realm of social policy for many years. Welfare has become a fundamental part of everyday life for many families. The present state of Welfare does not encourage job growth, reduce poverty, or reduce dependence on governmental aid in the United States despite its work relief elements and large governmental programs. Currently the United States’ Welfare system is being abused by its members and it should be monitored and revised to cut back on people misusing the benefits. Welfare did not reach the United States, until after the Great Depression with Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal. The New Deal brought on new economic and social welfare legislation.†¦show more content†¦The New Deal has received credit in our educational system as being a major governmental tool that assisted in getting the United States out of the Great Depression. Many do not realize that while the New Deal helped many by providing work in the public job projects; it also held back those same people from entering the private sector jobs. Private sector jobs were the key catalyst for getting the United States out of the Great Depression. It was not until our military personnel returned home at the end of World War II that our country began to fully escape the clutch of the Great Depression. The improvement in the economy was mainly due to the mass influx of trained workers returning home and entering the work force. There had been a huge part of our human and raw materials tied up in the war effort that limited the growth of the public sector of the economy. After four years of war there was a pent up demand for domestic consumption that boosted the US economy out of the depression that held the economy captive since the late 1920’s. In his book Welfare: Opposing Viewpoints, David Bender states† The definition of Welfare is very important in terms of fully understanding the problems an d issues of the Welfare Debate† (Bender 15). Arthur J. Schlesinger, Jr. who was part of the Kennedy administration and was a historian stated about welfare: â€Å"Briefly, it is a system wherein the government agrees to

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Evidence for Agricultural Development †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Evidence for Agricultural Development. Answer: Introduction: In the video, Vanuatus Broken Dreams, three small islands were covered, namely, Wala, Efate and Pentecost. Vanuatu is a nation on the Pacific, consisting of few small islands. The people of the islands are extremely poor and their economies are mostly dependent on the tourism business. As seen in the video, the PO cruises sail to Wala bringing the Australian, and sometimes the Chinese tourists. The tourism business has flourished as the tourists spend money on food, stay, souvenirs and entertainment activities, but the lives and economy of the locals have not improved (SBS Dateline 2013). There has been some development in the island for the foreigners but the locals are not benefitted from that. There is huge cash flow from the tourists, but the money is not properly used. There is a proper toilet with running water in the island, but that is meant for the tourists only. The locals expressed their need for a good toilet in every home, running water for all, good health facilities an d a school for the children with the proper utilization of the money that is coming in. They do not know where the money is going or who is taking all the money. Even if they know, they do not want to reveal. As per the government official, everyone is corrupt. Hence, corruption is a big issue in the islands in Vanuatu. There is no initiative from the local development committee or the government to improve the lives of the people of Wala (Olszowy et al. 2015). The PO cruises offer holiday cruise packages to the beautiful islands of Vanuatu for the people of Australia and other nations on the pacific. These cruises bring tourists to these islands, which has helped in the development of the tourism business in Wala. Thus, the cruises act ethically in the matter of development of the local economy of Wala and other islands. Due to tourism, the local people earn money by entertaining the tourists, selling souvenirs, renting the boating and other activity services, renting hotels etc. (Buys et al. 2014). This is a huge boost for the local economy, as this brings in money. Majority of the services exist only for the tourism. However, the developments were made by the foreigners and not by the government of Wala or Vanuatu. Hence, the developments are only focused towards to tourists, and not for the locals. The ships of PO can ensure the flow of money into the islands, but it cannot control the how the money is spent on the development of the lo cal economy. The government of Vanuatu, local development committee of the islands and the local people should be responsible for rectifying the issues. Corruption is the major issue in this case. The money that is coming in from the tourism activities is not properly used for the welfare and development of the local economy. Some people are stealing the money, but there is no effort from anyone to rectify the problem. Everyone should come forward to stop the unethical practices and improve the lives of the local people. They live in extremely bad condition in the islands. They do not have toilet, running water and health and hygiene facilities. Children of the island of Wala have to cross the water every day to go to a school. The number of tourists is increasing every year, and the cash flow is increasing too. However, lack of governmental initiatives and regulations, the corruption has increased and the money is not properly utilized. Thus, people should eliminate the level of corruption if th ey want to improve their lives (Thomas and Postlethwaite 2016). The government of Vanuatu could have made strict laws to curb the corruption in the community, which would punish the unlawful people who steal the money. Proper programs and planning could have been made and implemented to make infrastructural development for the communities. This would have benefitted the tourism industry as well, and tourist inflow might have increased. The government should form and deploy efficient people in the developmental committee to implement the developmental programs without any corruption. They should organize awareness programs for the local communities to promote other business opportunities apart from tourism, just the way people of Pentecost do (Clarke 2015). The government of Australia can also come forward to improve the economy of Wala and other islands of Vanuatu. Australia and Vanuatu could go for agreements between them to promote the growth in Vanuatu. Being a highly developed country, Australia could provide grants for development in Vanuatu , but it has to be ensured by the government of Vanuatu that the money would be utilized in the proper direction. It could enter into trade agreement for importing local products of Vanuatu islands and exporting developmental products to them. It could also initiate some developmental projects, especially the amenities in the islands, which would not only help in the growth of the tourism facilities, but it would also generate employment for the local people. Thus, economic condition of the islands would improve (Bedford, Simoni and Lebot 2017). To overcome these issues, firstly, all the people and the government should make efforts to reduce the corruption in the community. They should ensure that the money that they are earning through massive volume of tourists is not stolen. The government should make strict regulations to punish the corrupt people (Sun et al. 2017). Secondly, people should make an effort themselves rather than waiting for the help from the government. The people of Pentecost have adopted the right way. They have built school and new office building without waiting for the government. Thirdly, they should also explore other economic activities to promote growth and development of the economy and must not solely depend on the tourism activities to prosper. Hence, there are many aspects of Vanuatu, which can be improved through less corruption and cooperation from all the people along with the government (Addinsall et al. 2016). References Addinsall, C., Glencross, K., Rihai, N., Kalomor, L., Palmer, G., Nichols, D. and Smith, G., 2016. Enhancing agroforestry in Vanuatu: striking the balance between individual entrepreneurship and community development.Forests, Trees and Livelihoods,25(1), pp.78-96. Bedford, S., Simoni, P. and Lebot, V., 2017. The anthropogenic transformation of an island landscape: Evidence for agricultural development revealed by LiDAR on the island of Efate, Central Vanuatu, South?West Pacific.Archaeology in Oceania. Buys, J., Spandler, C., Holm, R.J. and Richards, S.W., 2014. Remnants of ancient Australia in Vanuatu: Implications for crustal evolution in island arcs and tectonic development of the southwest Pacific.Geology,42(11), pp.939-942. Clarke, M., 2015. Christianity and the Shaping of Vanuatu's Social and Political Development.Journal for the Academic Study of Religion,28(1). Olszowy, K.M., Pomer, A., Dancause, K.N., Sun, C., Silverman, H., Lee, G., Chan, C.W., Tarivonda, L., Regenvanu, R., Kaneko, A. and Weitz, C.A., 2015. Impact of modernization on adult body composition on five islands of varying economic development in Vanuatu.American Journal of Human Biology,27(6), pp.832-844. SBS Dateline, 2013.Vanuatu's Broken Dreams. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMACsi8j3us [Accessed 1 Oct. 2017]. Sun, C., Pomer, A., Dancause, K.N., Chan, C.W., Olszowy, K.M., Silverman, H., Lee, G., Tarivonda, L., Taleo, G., Regenvanu, R. and Kaneko, A., 2017. Ownership of consumer electronics is associated with measures of adiposity during health transition in Vanuatu.American Journal of Human Biology,29(2). Thomas, R.M. and Postlethwaite, T.N. eds., 2016.Schooling in the Pacific Islands: colonies in transition. Elsevier.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Napster, The Internet, And Mp3s Essays - Metallica, File Sharing

Napster, The Internet, And Mp3s The Internet. It is a vast network of millions of users, surfing and sharing billions of files, all day, every day. This scares many copyright holders out of their minds. After all, there is virtually no one to protect these copyright holders from the misuse of their intellectual property certainly not the dinosaur that is our government. But, as Scott Sullivan, writer for The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin stated, as history has proven, freedom and technological and societal advances usually come with a price. The price society is paying for the Internet is a loss of copyright protection by laws for their intellectual material. Take Napster for instance. It is a simple program created by a young college student named Shawn Fanning that enables users to anonymously swap and share audio files known as MP3s. When it first came into existence, it only had 3,000 or so users. However, according to Chris Sherman, writer for the magazine Online, says Napster has become the most successful new Web technology ever, gaining more than 25 million registered users in just over a year or existence. At the beginning of its life, Napster could probably have easily been protected by the Audio Home Recording Act, which gives consumers the right to create and transfer digital music for noncommercial purposes. (Sherman) At this point, however, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) begs to differ. They believe the fact that millions of users can share songs with one another is an egregious violation of copyright and constitutes outright theft of intellectual property. (Sherman) They have won a lawsuit under this argument against Napster in early 2001, so the program may go offline unless a compromise is reached. Unfortunately, its a fairly simple job to shut down Napster permanently because of its centralized service. However file sharing, a mainstay of Web activity thats considered almost a right by many users, is too popular to stomp out in one fell swoop (Sherman) The technology under which Napster operates, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), has been in use since 1971. It would be as difficult to destroy this technology as it would music itself. But, thats what the RIAA insists on attempting to do. Instead of embracing and adapting FTP and MP3s, they mindlessly attempt to crush it, like they do to all new technology. Alex Torralbas, who has worked in the recording industry, states, in the 1980s they effectively killed the digital audio tape, and in the 70s, albums and tapes bore skull-and-crossbones stickers warning buyers against taping the music on cassettes. The MP3 is nothing new to the RIAA just another piece of technology to instinctively crush. The record industrys business model is pure Industrial Age; manufacturing and shipping pieces of plastic. MP3 and other forms of digital music threaten this model. (Torralbas) It doesnt matter that this technology would effectively allow RIAA to come into the Digital Age by letting users directly download music, bypassing the CD stage (for a small fee, of course). It doesnt matter that, if Napster does shut down, virtually millions of music fans will be wondering where they can download music. It doesnt matter that the majority of those same fans would be willing to pay money for downloadable music. Millions of people want easily accessible music, whether they pay for it or not, and if the RIAA doesnt realize that soon, no amount of lawsuits will prevent them from becoming extinct. The United States Supreme Court has made its ruling against Napster, but how will it hold up in reality, or more specifically, on the Internet? In some cases, the law is extremely inadequate protections, and the Internet is one such case. Simply put, the Internet is too expansive to be governed by conventional laws. The Web offers anonymity and a buffer from getting caught. (Sullivan) If a major crime has been committed, such as Vladimir Levins theft of $10 million dollars, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is competent enough to track down the criminal and put him or her behind bars. But what of the case of simple copyright violation? Is it really feasible to drag out some FBI agents to track down some high school child who

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Danielle Dawkins Essays (1054 words) - Thought, Terminology

Danielle Dawkins Essays (1054 words) - Thought, Terminology Danielle Dawkins Dr. Bentzen American Government 5/5/17 Political Culture Political culture can be defined as "historically-based, widely-shared beliefs, feelings and values about the nature of political systems, which can serve as a link between citizens and the government." Political culture is not to be confused with political ideology, which is a set of values and beliefs that an individual holds. Every country has its own political culture, which provides clues as to why certain governments are organized the way they are, or why some countries are allies with each other while others are not. As it stands, there are currently three theories of political culture: parochial political culture, subject political culture, and participant political culture. In a parochial political culture, citizens possess little to no interest in the government and are mostly uninformed other the entire political process. On the contrary, citizens in a participant political culture are, more or less, well-informed and actively engaged in the political process. America has a participant political culture with a wide array of values and beliefs. In a country that is fundamentally conservative, many American citizens believe and take pride in democracy, equality, and individualism. These values can be traced all the way back to the American revolution. Even so, America's political culture has changed generation by generation through means of political socialization, or a process by which people acquire various political values through family, religion, gender, race, and social class. One key aspect of political culture is political ideology, which is a coherent set of values and beliefs that people hold dear to themselves. The ideologies that people hold set the framework of their thought process while greatly influencing how they perceive the world. Isaiah Berlin, a historian and philosopher, stated that "ideological battles" is one factor that shaped human history in the 20th century. Berlin stated, "the other ideological battles - totalitarian tyrannies of both right and left and the explosions of nationalism, racism, and religious bigotry that the most perceptive social thinkers of the nineteenth century failed to predict." There are currently four functions that political scientists attribute to political ideologies in terms of ideas transforming into actions, and they are the following: explanation, evaluation, orientation, and political program. A lot of the time, social and political conditions are direct products of the political ideologies at hand. For example, totalitarian governments typically have poor social settings, as the government has every say over the lives of its citizens. Along with explanation, ideologies can also produce standards for social conditions and political institutions. Regarding America's standard, Americans tend to take pride in personal responsibility, which is why there so much stigma surrounding entitlement programs and whatnot. Ideologies provide orientation toward several different issues, and they also guide their political actions. In other words, identity politics are employed. There may be four functions attributed to political ideology, but there are also two ways of measuring it. To what extent do people use broad political categories to justify their own beliefs, and how consistent do their beliefs stay over time? Before one can answer these questions, they must have knowledge of American political ideologies, as they are not as simple as just being conservative or liberal. Ideologies are complex at best, and are far more than just labels. The Nolan chart, created by Libertarian party leader David Nolan, captures the political beliefs of citizens on two dimensions: economic and personal freedom. From left to right, Nolan outlined the five key political ideologies: left (liberal), moderate, right (conservative), libertarian (limited government) , and statist (big government). Conservatives tend to believe in limited government and always favor local and state government over the federal government, as they are always advocated for "States' rights". Also, conservatives believe that the private sector is more suited than the federal government in terms of addressing domestic problems like poverty and discrimination. Since the 1970's, social conservatism has been on a rise. While social conservatives tend to believe in limited government on the grounds of domestic problems or whatnot, they see no issue with the government infringing upon personal liberties, such as same-sex marriage, abortion, contraceptives. On the other side of the scale, liberals seek use for the government in terms of changing the

Friday, November 22, 2019

Facts and History About the Country of Cambodia

Facts and History About the Country of Cambodia The 20th century was disastrous for Cambodia. The country was occupied by Japan in World War II and became collateral damage in the Vietnam War, with secret bombings and cross-border incursions. In 1975, the Khmer Rouge regime seized power; they would murder approximately 1/5 of their own citizens in a mad frenzy of violence. Yet not all of Cambodian history is dark and blood-drenched. Between the 9th and 13th centuries, Cambodia was home to the Khmer Empire, which left behind incredible monuments such as Angkor Wat. Hopefully, the 21st century will be much kinder to the people of Cambodia than the last one was. Capital: Phnom Pehn, population 1,300,000 Cities: Battambang, population 1,025,000, Sihanoukville, population 235,000, Siem Reap, population 140,000, Kampong Cham, population 64,000 Cambodias Government Cambodia has a constitutional monarchy, with King Norodom Sihamoni as the current head of state. The Prime Minister is the head of government.  The current Prime Minister of Cambodia is Hun Sen, who was elected in 1998.  Legislative power is shared between the executive branch and the bicameral parliament, made up of the 123-member National Assembly of Cambodia and the 58-member Senate. Cambodia has a semi-functional multi-party representative democracy. Unfortunately, corruption is rampant and the government is non-transparent. Population Cambodias population is about 15,458,000 (2014 estimate).  The vast majority, 90%, are ethnic Khmer. Approximately 5% are Vietnamese, 1% Chinese, and the remaining 4% includes small populations of Chams (a Malay people), Jarai, Khmer Loeu, and Europeans. Due to the massacres of the Khmer Rouge era, Cambodia has a very young population. The median age is 21.7 years, and only 3.6% of the population is over the age of 65. (In comparison, 12.6% of US citizens are over 65.) Cambodias birth rate is 3.37 per woman; the infant mortality rate is 56.6 per 1,000 live births.  The literacy rate is 73.6%. Languages The official language of Cambodia is Khmer, which is part of the Mon-Khmer language family. Unlike nearby languages such as Thai, Vietnamese and Lao, spoken Khmer is not tonal. Written Khmer has a unique script, called abugida. Other languages in common use in Cambodia include French, Vietnamese, and English. Religion Most Cambodians (95%) today are Theravada Buddhists. This austere version of Buddhism became prevalent in Cambodia in the thirteenth century, displacing the combination of Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism that was practiced previously. Modern Cambodia also has Muslim citizens (3%) and Christians (2%). Some people practice traditions derived from animism as well, alongside their primary faith. Geography Cambodia has an area of 181,040 square kilometers or 69,900 square miles. It is bordered by Thailand to the west and north, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east and south. Cambodia also has a 443 kilometer (275 miles) coastline on the Gulf of Thailand. The highest point in Cambodia is Phnum Aoral, at 1,810 meters (5,938 feet). The lowest point is the Gulf of Thailand coast, at sea level. West-central Cambodia is dominated by Tonle Sap, a large lake. During the dry season, its area is about 2,700 square kilometers (1,042 square miles), but during the monsoon season, it swells to 16,000 sq. km (6,177 sq. miles). Climate Cambodia has a tropical climate, with a rainy monsoon season from May to November, and a dry season from December to April. Temperatures dont vary much from season to season; the range is 21-31 °C (70-88 °F) in the dry season, and 24-35 °C (75-95 °F) in the wet season. Precipitation varies from just a trace in the dry season to over 250 cm (10 inches) in October. Economy The Cambodian economy is small, but growing quickly. In the 21st century, the annual growth rate has been between 5 and 9%. The GDP in 2007 was $8.3 billion US or $571 per capita. 35% of Cambodians live below the poverty line. The Cambodian economy is based primarily on agriculture and tourism- 75% of the workforce are farmers. Other industries include textiles manufacturing, and extraction of natural resources (timber, rubber, manganese, phosphate, and gems). Both the Cambodian rial and the US dollar are used in Cambodia, with the rial mostly given as change. The exchange rate is $1 4,128 KHR (October 2008 rate). History of Cambodia Human settlement in Cambodia dates back at least 7,000 years, and probably much farther. Early Kingdoms Chinese sources from the first century A.D. describe a powerful kingdom called Funan in Cambodia, which was strongly influenced by India. Funan went into decline in the 6th century A.D., and was supplanted by a group of ethnically-Khmer kingdoms that the Chinese refer to as Chenla. The Khmer Empire In 790, Prince Jayavarman II founded a new empire, the first to unite Cambodia as a political entity. This was the Khmer Empire, which lasted until 1431. The crown jewel of the Khmer Empire was the city of Angkor, centered around the temple of Angkor Wat. Construction began in the 890s, and Angkor served as the seat of power for more than 500 years. At its height, Angkor covered more area than modern-day New York City. Fall of the Khmer Empire After 1220, the Khmer Empire began to decline. It was attacked repeatedly by the neighboring Tai (Thai) people, and the beautiful city of Angkor was abandoned by the end of the 16th century. Thai and Vietnamese Rule After the fall of the Khmer Empire, Cambodia came under the control of the neighboring Tai and Vietnamese kingdoms. These two powers competed for influence until 1863, when France took control of Cambodia. French Rule The French ruled Cambodia for a century but viewed it as a subsidiary of the more important colony of Vietnam. During World War II, the Japanese occupied Cambodia but left the Vichy French in charge. The Japanese promoted Khmer nationalism and pan-Asian ideas. After Japans defeat, the Free French sought renewed control over Indochina. The rise of nationalism during the war, however, forced France to offer increasing self-rule to the Cambodians until independence in 1953. Independent Cambodia Prince Sihanouk ruled newly-free Cambodia until 1970 when he was deposed during the Cambodian Civil War (1967-1975). This war pitted communist forces, called the Khmer Rouge, against the US-backed Cambodian government. In 1975 the Khmer Rouge won the civil war, and under Pol Pot set to work creating an agrarian communist utopia by exterminating political opponents, monks and priests, and educated people in general. Just four years of Khmer Rouge rule left 1 to 2 million Cambodians dead- about 1/5 of the population. Vietnam attacked Cambodia and captured Phnom Penh in 1979, withdrawing only in 1989. The Khmer Rouge fought on as guerrillas until 1999. Today, though, Cambodia is a peaceful and democratic nation.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Financial services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial services - Essay Example Transactions on derivative contracts occur between two parties in which a financial agreement is done whose payments depend on the value of the underlying assets and securities. Derivative contracts are broadly categorized into lock and option products. Lock category derivative contracts bind the two parties into an obligation of executing the contract according to the terms and conditions over the period for which the contract is agreed upon. Option product derivatives are contracts that provide the right to the buyer but not the obligation to execute the contract over the period of the contract (Whaley, 2007, p.121). The derivative contract includes an agreed upon price between the two parties to buy or sell the product within a specified period of time. The derivative contracts may be traded in the exchange in which case these are called exchange-traded-derivatives or may be privately traded in which case these are called Over-the-counter derivatives. Over the counter derivatives are not traded in specialized exchanges. Recent examples of banks and companies making heavy losses from using derivatives The financial meltdown of 2007 in US was largely due to the fall in the mortgage prices which served as underlying assets for loan products. Irresponsible lending, relaxed policies of the banks, corporate houses and happy-go-lucky attitude of the regulators in assessments of the derivative products led to the fall of big banks like Lehmann Brothers. After a meagre financial recovery from the support of the government, derivative market is again one of the biggest markets in today’s global financial scenario (Schwartz and  Smith, 1997, p.499). Banks today are carrying out transactions on derivative markets on a much larger scale than ever before. The banks are more opaque and are indifferent to the risky derivative products. Banks, however, are unwilling to disclose the face of the derivative contracts to their investors. It is understood that a change i n the underlying market factors would lead to massive losses of the world economy as a result of devaluation of the underlying assets. The size of the derivative markets has grown from $500 trillion in 2007 to $707 trillion in 2011. Lack of transparency in trading of derivative contracts reflect the risk involved as a result of probable fluctuation of underlying market factors. This can be observed in the light of recent examples. J P Morgan has registered a loss of $6 billion due to trading in risky derivatives. The increasing size of derivative markets and declining due diligence in investments in order to achieve higher profits imposes higher risk. Several high ranked officials from big companies like Meryl Lynch, Morgan Stanley, and Citigroup commented that the banking industry is vulnerable in the wake of huge losses in derivative markets. After the earthquake in Japan, J P Morgan decided to reverse their position in derivatives due to the huge losses to be incurred. In 2011, D eutsche Bank decided to reduce the foreign currency exposure of Post bank by â‚ ¬8.1 billion looking at the heavy losses in their investment in derivatives. Deutsche bank themselves lost $1.74 billion in US derivative markets. A huge foreign exchange option for Hewlett Packard was executed early in order to reduce the losses predicted out of market uncertainty. Due to lack of transparency on the investments in derivative ma

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Reading response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Reading response - Assignment Example Another interesting social structure is lineage from one generation to another. The lineage structure either follow symmetrical or asymmetrical pattern depending on wealth distribution among family members. It is evident that the funeral customs in the Korean society has changed with time. However, the change has occurred slowly as claimed by Hyun. However, the Korean view on death has not changed much. Some of the changed funeral functions include handling of the dead body, dealing with the spirits, and consoling the family members of the deceased. I think that Korean culture is so strong. Changes in other aspects of the society have not affected the culture so much. The family structures seem to remain relatively the same. However, lineages from one generation to another seem to be dependent on level of income. The burial rituals have changed and I expect them to change even much due to the advancement in technology. For example, Seoul residents may have very simplified burial rituals and modern structured family settings different from their

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Posse Comitatus Act (1878) Essay Example for Free

Posse Comitatus Act (1878) Essay The Posse Comitatus Act is a United States federal law which had been passed on June 16, 1878 as an outcome of two sources, the first being the end of the Reconstruction Period. From the establishment of the Republic till the passing of the act in question it had been standard practice to position federal troops at polling spots in order to avoid inebriates from voting as well as to ascertain that those people who would be entering the polls were sanctioned to do so in a period of restricted suffrage. As the Civil War ended, those federal troops were positioned in the polls in order to assure that worldwide manhood suffrage was allowed, and also that no previous Confederate officers would be allowed to vote since all former Confederate officers were not allowed to vote nor to hold position above the state level and the end of the Civil War Reconstruction Period entails that implementation of the said restrictions are no longer needed (Price, and Rectenwald, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second reason came from the terms on the western frontier in that fort commanders were usually the solitary law and order in a district, the solitary security for pioneers who are on the move to the west. The majority of these frontiers was still beyond the United States proper, and had not been allowed in the statehood. Fort commanders then started to put into effect civilian law enforcement accountabilities, at times in a random manner, to stalk those people they regard as criminals or Indians who are dangerous for the early settlers. The line of reasoning being that criminality and Indian assaults took place swiftly and necessitate swift action from those in powers who happens to be in the same location. They were also far away from Washington D.C. and thus the outcomes were at times infringements of the constitution and stipulations otherwise unsound to chosen civil authorities (Baker, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Act then was passed to veto the army in civilian law enforcement the Act also represents the long-established American dogma of separating civilian from military authorities as well as to currently prohibit the use of Army and Air Forces in order to implement civilian laws. In the past 15 years, the Congress has intentionally worn down this belief by engaging the military in drug prohibition in the United States border. This particular attrition would carry on unless the Congress renovates the Posse Comitatus Act principle to protect the crucial and traditional separation and distinction of civilian and military officials (Isenberg, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The increasing swiftness with which the military is regarded as a universal remedy for domestic difficulties will promptly destabilize the Posse Comitatus Act if it continue as it is – unrestricted. Trivial exemptions to the Posse Comitatus Act could rapidly develop into major exemptions. For an instance, in 1981, Congress made an exemption to the Posse Comitatus Act to sanction military participation in drug outlawing in the United States borders, later on, in 1989, Congress assigned the Department of Defense as the â€Å"single lead agency† in drug banning endeavors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Posse Comitatus Act criminalizes, efficiently prohibiting, the utilization of Army or of the air Forces as a â€Å"posse comitatus† to implement the laws and regulations of US, it states: Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both (Young, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While a criminal law, the Posse Comitatus Act has a more significant function as a declaration of policy which represents the traditional American principle of the division among military and civilian authorities, which also happens o be one of the most vital guidelines of the United States form of government (Rossi, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Major as well as trivial exemptions to the Posse Comitatus Act which permit the utilization of the military in law implementation tasks, distort the line which separates the tasks of the civilians from the military officials, destabilize civilian jurisdiction of the military, injure military alacrity, and ineffectually solve the difficulties that they allegedly deals with (Rossi, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, amplifying the functions of the military would fortify the federal law implementation equipment which is at present, under close inspection for straining its power. While it appears to be kind, such augmentations in military influence renew the terror of past exceeds in limitations which occurred in the late 1960’s (Rossi, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As was mentioned earlier, the Posses Comitatus Act of 1878 occurred as an immediate response to the escalating use of the military for tasks meant for civilians during the Reconstruction period. On numerous instances military troops were called upon to suppress civil commotions, to aid in creating governments in the southern states, as well as to implement civil laws and regulations. This topic came to a start when Rutherford Hayes came triumphant in the questionable presidential election which took place in 1876. Allegations were rapidly made that military troops which were sent to southern states acted as a posse comitatus (power of the people) for federal marshals at the polls played a role in giving the President the required vote he needed to win the election. In 1878, a Democrat controlled house of Representatives approved an army appropriations bill (20 Stat 145, 152) which hold language specifically banning the use of military troops as a posse comitatus, the act as a result, discarded the Mansfield Doctrine that military army could be put into use in civilian roles provided that they were subject to civilian laws and associated the use of the army with martial law. The things included in the said act basically, stayed unchanged save for the addendum of the Air Force in 1956 (70A Stat 626 (1956), however the Congress has made some developments to the some of the constitutional exemptions to the act (ex. 10 USC 331, 10 USC 332, and the like) (Young, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Posse Comitatus act provided two situations in which the Act could be disregarded; when an exemption is specifically approved by the Constitution and when Congress specifically permitted an exemption. The first of the said stipulations has generated much perplexity in the use of the Act especially since the Constitution holds no condition specifically allowing the utilization of the army to implement the law of the land. Majority of the texts discussing the constitutional exemptions of the Posse Comitatus act centers on the clash between the indirect and intrinsic constitutional influence and control of the President. This is mainly because the President also happens to be the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces (Baker, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next condition which permits the exemptions to the Posse Comitatus act is Congressional approval, and it has been put into use in two ways. First is by providing a division of the armed services with civilian law enforcement capacities, and second by setting up rules for detailed kinds of aid, on so doing, modifying explicit constitutional exemptions to correspond to particular situations (Baker, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the 1st case Congress has specifically allowed the coast guard to execute law enforcement tasks during peacetime, most particularly of anti-drug laws (14 USC 2) which had also been mentioned earlier in this paper. During wartimes power for the Coast Guard passes on from the Department of Transportation to the Navy, yet under the constitutional exemptions made by Congress the Coast Guard could still perform its law enforcement tasks, it should also be taken into account that the Navy and Marine corps have been subjected to the Act in question by DoD Directive 5525.5 (1986, as amended in 1989) as well as by Secretary of the Instruction (SECNAVINST) 5820.7B (1988) (Isenberg, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly, congress has passed several sections of legislation allowing the use of the army backing and apparatus in helping civilian law enforcement (10 USC 371-82), majority of this legislation was derived in 1981 following the state of affairs in the â€Å"Wounded Knee†.   These state of affairs stalked from the 1973 occupation of a facility on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, and the following blockade, capture, and hearing of the American Indian Movement, throughout the course of the blockade the federal civilian law enforcement officials made widespread use of information, personnel, and apparatus offered by the army. The support offered by the army eventually resulted to the weakening of the indictments against those people who had been seized, and it became apparent that Congress have to deal with the necessity for constitutional prohibitions to the original act, in addition to the legal exemptions regarding offering civil law enforcement with help at times of civil disturbance (10 USC 331, 10 USC 332). The guidelines spread under the decrees offer for the conservation of federal possessions and government roles, and permits the use of army in state of emergency when civil officials are incapable to control the state of affairs, further legislation has been passed including situations when nuclear materials is involved in the emergency (Young, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It may seem that the Posse Comitatus Act 1878 represents the principle of the explicit division between the army and civilian forces, a tenet which had been a fundamental constituent of the US history. However, it is fascinating to take into notice that one has ever been found guilty with infringement of 18 USC 1385, and as could be seen in the first part of this paper, Congress is quick in making exemptions for the sudden intrusion of the army (most notable of which is the campaign against drugs) and this constant use of the army as well as the Congress amendment of the Act to use the military had been constant source of controversy up to this point in time. Works Cited Baker, Bonnie. â€Å"The Origins of the Posse Comitatus.† (1999) December 8, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/home.htm. Isenberg, David. â€Å"Posse Comitatus.† (2002) December 8, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/pcomitatus-pr.cfm. Price, Lori R., and Michael D. Rectenwald. â€Å"The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878.† (2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   December 8, 2007 http://www.legitgov.org/. Rossi, C. T. â€Å"The Posse Comitatus Act: Can We Maintain American Freedom Without It?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2002) December 8, 2007 http://www.enterstageright.com/. Young, Stephen. â€Å"The Posse Comitatus Act.† (2003) December 8, 2007 http://www.llrx.com/.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

How Christian Faith-Based Organizations Can Help Homeless Shelters :: Soup Kitchens Spirituality Food Pantries Essays

How Christian Faith-Based Organizations Can Help Homeless Shelters Abstract Spirituality affirms the essential self-worth, dignity and core health of a person’s well being; therefore, homeless shelters should incorporate spirituality, in order to benefit a person in the long term compared to the satisfaction of an immediate need. â€Å"Our national epidemic of intolerance for poor and homeless people is the consequence of America’s lack of spirituality, coupled with America’s love of materialism and society’s expense (3, martin).† The number one book sold for over a decade, seizing to be a fad or a trend has been the Bible. In a study of New York prisoners, studies found that those who participated in a Prison Fellowship Bible Study were rearrested drastically less compared to the amount of prisoners those whom did not. Of those who took part in the Bible study, 14 percent were rearrested within one year, compared to those who choose to not participate was 41 percent. In a similar case, at a Texas prison, out of 80 prisoners who took part in the Prison Fellowship, a whopping five percent are back in prison. In a Public Health Service, which is strongly Christian oriented, done of Teen Challenge’s Drug treatment program, by a Northwestern University doctoral student, it was found that it was more effective with the participants than that of its counterparts. With these examples, it becomes credible that with faith-based programs long term results are received, which further exemplifies my position u pon the integration of Christian faith into the homeless shelter environment. While researching this issue, I came across President Bush’s Faith-Based Initiative. Bush wants federal funding to flow to religious organizations without pointless restrictions. In doing this, there will be departments created to tend to housing, urban development, labor, health and human services. In establishment of these positions, bush will oversea them as they work closely to fund the faith-based services. On a CNN interview with Eileen O’Connor (whom represented Bush) she stated, â€Å"They (faith-based services) have an effectiveness rate. In some cases, it is proven by studies that they can be more effective as with recidivism in drug treatment programs. President Bush says that if they are effective, why not turn them.† Many critics have argued Bush’s stance in saying that it crosses the line drawn between church and state. O’Connell argued, â€Å"He (Bush) has appointed men of different faiths to head these programs up.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Richardson Family Murder Case

For this project I wanted to do a Canadian case that for a lot of people speaks close to home including me because it happened in Alberta. I choose the Richardson family  murder case because this murder occurred in Medicine Hat Alberta and they used the Youth Criminal Justice Act for sentencing 12 year old J.R.  In 2006 Medicine Hat Alberta, the parents of J.R and 8 year old brother are found stabbed to death in their house. When Investigators begin to look around the house for  clues they notice that their is a 12 year old girl in a family photo and her body is  nowhere to be found. They believed that the girl was kidnapped by the killer and began the search to look for the young teen. Investigators of the case began to search places that would be relevant to the young girl like her school and searched her locker and found a stick drawing of the girls house on fire with her family in it and her running to her boyfriends truck. She then became the main suspect in this case and investigators began to look for her and her boyfriend. Why did this happen and what happened to make these awful events occur you may ask? Teachers described J.R as a good Catholic school girl before she started to be interested into the more darker things and became a goth. While her other goth friends would follow the Catholic schools dress codes J.R would constantly be breaking the dress codes and rebelling against her school. During this time she fell for a unemployed high school dropout named Jeremy Steinke who was 23. According to his friends he said he believed he was a 300 year old werewolf and carried a vile of blood around his neck. One of the most disturbing things about their relationship was that it was a sexually active relationship which is was illegal because the age of consent in alberta at the time for her age was that she could be sexually active but only if her partner was two years older. Many people were afraid of J.R including her other goth friends, this made her feel powerful and she liked the idea of scaring people. Her world revolved around her boyfriend and their relationship was kept secret for a while but eventually her family found out and her parents were furious. Once their relationship was revealed to her parents she was banned to see him and this was their mistake and would ultimately lead to there deaths. This is when J.R and her boyfriend started to plan the  murders of her family. Jeremy snuck into the basement of the Richardson family home and waited to attack. In the middle of the night J.R's mother hears something in the basement and goes downstair to see what it is and this is when Jeremy attacks her  stabbing her multiple times. After hearing screaming from the basement J.R's father runs downstairs to the basement and this is when he also is attacked by Jeremy. Meanwhile upstair J.R holds her scared little brother when her boyfriend comes upstairs from murdering her parents and murders her little brother so he won't have to live without parents. Freedom for these two killers after the crime was very short and they were caught no less the 24 hours after the horrific murders. Since Jeremy Steinke is a adult he was tried as an adult and was sentenced to life in prison meanwhile since J.R was a minor she was put under the Y.C.J.A and was given the longest juvenile sentence which was 10 year. Many people were angry about her sentencing and felt that she deserved to serve a longer sentence but since she was a minor thats the longest she could stay in prison and she is currently out of prison under a different name and in therapy for her past actions. The now 24 year old is out of prison living a normal life and is currently attending Mount Royal University in Calgary, Alberta. I feel the legal decision in this case was done very well and I agree with the outcome of this case. I do believe that Jeremy Steinke's sentencing was fair because he was the adult in this case meanwhile since J.R was 12 at the time and was affected by her boyfriend I believe it was good that she got a second chance. In conclusion this crime was horrific and I feel very sorry for the family and friends of the victims involved. This case is a good example of mensa rea because they had the intention to kill and commit this wrongful act. I think this case is a good example of both  adult sentencing and young offender sentencing just because we get to see both being used in one case. Resourceshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN0qXAEkBoQ&t=599shttps://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/jasmine-richardson-walks-free-a-de  cade-after-as-a-12yearold-she-and-werewolf-boyfriend-massacred-her-family/news-stor   /f826a2b4efb359bd02b53c4066234bae

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Psy 250

Biological and humanistic approaches to personality Jonathan G. Castro PSY 250 October 17, 2012 Andrew R. Moskowitz Biological and humanistic approaches to personality In our world there are different types of people with different types of personalities. There are many way to describe where they came from through biological or humanistic theories. In my paper I will describe biological factors that are influences to the formation to personality. I will agree to disagree with the theory of biology having an influence on personality. I will break down the basic aspects of humanistic personality theories.Last but not less I will express my opinion on biological and humanistic approach on personality are compatible. Biology revealed many aspects of how the human body works and what it needs to stay healthy. â€Å"In 1953 James D. Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA was structured as a double helix (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). This discovery was a huge accomplishment in the st udy of human biology. Charles Darwin took human biology a step further. Darwin used the fact that not one human being is the same to support his evolutionary personality theory.Darwin believes that humans are â€Å"people evolved directly from more primitive species (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). † For example, Brian G. Richmond and David S. Strait wrote an article called â€Å"Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor (Richmond and Strait, 2000). † This article explains that evidence has surfaced proving that humans could have once been gorillas. Psychiatrists’ who use the biological approach believe that your personality comes from your parents’ personalities. In other words, they believed your personality is genetic.When someone is born they have a strong foundation for certain personality. This is the belief we are all born with no personality and we learn what our personality is from our parents. Basically, it is saying that our per sonality is a learned behavior. It was theorized that â€Å"a natural selection has determined our personality† (Richmond and Strait 2000). We are not born with full fledge personalities when we come into the world. Instead, we are born with a temperament. This is susceptibility towards a certain personality. It does not mean that we keep the same personality all our lives. You can understand people’s temperament by watching children playing. They can be either inhibited or uninhibited. An inhibited child will seem withdrawn and a more of loaner and will watch the other children play instead of playing with the other children. An uninhibited child can start a conversation with another child and play along with the other children† (Richmond and Strait, 2000). A Darwinian approach to that idea would be that over time conditions in the environment caused some gorillas to no longer need to walk on their knuckles, no longer needed huge nostrils in their noses, and so on.Also in that group of gorillas it could have been a need for longer legs and slimmer body sizes for the sole purpose of survival. This, in turn, changed the way those gorillas behaved, furthermore, changing their personality, in which, the human being evolved. â€Å"It is important to note that unique results emerge when certain biological aspects of personality are combined with certain environments (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). † The same would go for two children raised by a quiet and withdrawn mother. The one child who inherits the mother’s introverted genes may grow to be like the mother.Whereas the outgoing child, may grow to be more family oriented focused on communicating with all family as a means of being more sociable. Raising those two children in a household with a more outgoing mother, could have caused a reverse outcome. Although this idea does seem to make sense Abraham Maslow believes in a humanistic approach to personality. The humanistic approach to personality focuses on the humanistic nature of the human being, in other words, the qualities of mankind that make humans different from animals.Humanistic people like Maslow believe that every human is born healthy, normal, and good. Maslow believed that all humans need to fulfill needs of human nature such as love, esteem, and self-fulfillment. Maslow believed that humans are like animals to a certain extent. In other words, humans need to feed themselves to survive, drink water to stay hydrated, and sleep to stay energized to survive another day. â€Å"Maslow argued that the correct social conditions are needed to encourage the highest level self-actualization†¦..We cannot usually fulfill our complete human potential and search for truth and beauty if we lack food, safety, love, and esteem (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). † The humanistic approach and the biological approach do have similarities, in which they agree that the human being has needs that should be fulfi lled but the two theories also have their differences. For instance, according to Friedman and Schustack the drive to grow and self-actualize is unlike the drives to satisfy hunger, thirst, or libido and thus relieve tension, in that it is not strictly necessary for survival.Maslow divided human needs into categories. These categories are physiological needs (basic biological necessities: food, water, sex, and shelter), safety needs (a sensibly predictable world), belongingness and love needs (psychologically intimate relations with other people), esteem needs (respect for oneself and for others), and self-actualization (peace with oneself) (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). Some psychologists, who believe in the humanistic approach to personality, do not question the realness of free will.Whereas psychologists who believe in the biological theory of personality, believe free will is not a real entity. Many modern biologists believe that humans are more intelligent than most animals but they do not believe that humans are at the top of the evolutionary tree. â€Å"Maslow and other humanistic psychologists were particularly irked by B. F. Skinner’s views of personality†¦ Skinner claimed to be studying human psychology by observing pigeons and laboratory rats (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). People who believe in the humanistic approach believe that no one is born in a way that hinders him or her from being a good person. People who believe in the biological approach to personality, express that a person cannot help what genes he or she are born with, therefore, cannot help being an angry person or mean spirited because he or she is born that way. The biological and humanistic approaches are just two of the six psychology approaches. The other four are psychoanalytic, trait, behavioral, and cognitive. These are the different approaches to the human personality.Each one describes how can we gain our personalities and what affects them. The approach used depe nds on the psychiatrists’ and the persons personalities. The effectiveness is determined by our personalities. I believe it is the psychiatrists’ responsibility to get to know the person to determine what approach will work best. In conclusion the humanistic approach to personality is somewhat similar to the biological approach to personality. I believe that personality is a formulation of humanistic and biological aspects that influence a person’s characteristics of his or her personality.I have gathered my own theory and have come to the conclusion that every person is a product of his or her own environment. References Friedman,H. S. & Schustack, M. W. (2009, July 15). Personality: Classic theories and Modern Research, Fourth Edition: Retrieved from University of Phoenix: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/ebooklibrary2 Richmond, B. G & Strait, D. S. (2000, march). Nature: Evidence that humans evoled from a knuckle-walking ancestor, Nature volume 404:Retri eved from http://www. nature. com/biology/personality

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Free Essays on Stem Cells

What is morally correct when it comes to fetal tissue and human embryo research? In article â€Å"Nod to Fetal Tissue Research May Ignite Ethical Firestorm† by Tim Friend printed in the USA TODAY this question is addressed purposed. Researchers want to use â€Å"pre-embryo’s† to have as a source of stem cells. Is This any better, as a posed to the use of regular embryos? â€Å"The word pre-embryo is a false term† according to Judie Brown, president of the American Life League in Stafford, Va. She claims â€Å"An embryo is and embryo at fertilization, period!† Though, other people in this article do an excellent job at stating the opposing view. It says that a pre-embryo consists of a tiny ball of cells, that lack a nervous system and don’t contain any limps or organs. It would be depending on religious beliefs as to if this should be regarded as human life or not. Judy Brown added to this comment that â€Å"What they’re purposing is to take tiny babies, redefine them as scientific material and destroy them for the purpose of research and experimentation.† And it is because of concerns like those of Judy Brown’s that the Roslin Institute in Scotland (whic h responsible for the cloning of Dolly) was granted twenty million do! llars in the course of the next six years. It will use the money to try and find alternative methods. The goal is to create a procedure which be called reprogramming. This would be the ability of an egg cell to reprogram the DNA of an adult and react as if it we an embryo. If that attempt to find other methods fails then it would only be patients who wanted to be involved that would participate. â€Å"†¦this would involve that you, the patient, have control over.† It would only be people who wanted to donate embryos to improve their own health. This article was written so that a variety of audiences can read it and form their own opinions. There is medical terminology us by some of the researchers or... Free Essays on Stem Cells Free Essays on Stem Cells What is morally correct when it comes to fetal tissue and human embryo research? In article â€Å"Nod to Fetal Tissue Research May Ignite Ethical Firestorm† by Tim Friend printed in the USA TODAY this question is addressed purposed. Researchers want to use â€Å"pre-embryo’s† to have as a source of stem cells. Is This any better, as a posed to the use of regular embryos? â€Å"The word pre-embryo is a false term† according to Judie Brown, president of the American Life League in Stafford, Va. She claims â€Å"An embryo is and embryo at fertilization, period!† Though, other people in this article do an excellent job at stating the opposing view. It says that a pre-embryo consists of a tiny ball of cells, that lack a nervous system and don’t contain any limps or organs. It would be depending on religious beliefs as to if this should be regarded as human life or not. Judy Brown added to this comment that â€Å"What they’re purposing is to take tiny babies, redefine them as scientific material and destroy them for the purpose of research and experimentation.† And it is because of concerns like those of Judy Brown’s that the Roslin Institute in Scotland (whic h responsible for the cloning of Dolly) was granted twenty million do! llars in the course of the next six years. It will use the money to try and find alternative methods. The goal is to create a procedure which be called reprogramming. This would be the ability of an egg cell to reprogram the DNA of an adult and react as if it we an embryo. If that attempt to find other methods fails then it would only be patients who wanted to be involved that would participate. â€Å"†¦this would involve that you, the patient, have control over.† It would only be people who wanted to donate embryos to improve their own health. This article was written so that a variety of audiences can read it and form their own opinions. There is medical terminology us by some of the researchers or...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Learn How to Conjugate the Verb Corriger (to Correct)

Learn How to Conjugate the Verb Corriger (to Correct) In French, you will use the verb  corriger  for to correct. When you want to say correcting or corrected, a verb conjugation is required and this lesson will walk you through that. Conjugating the French Verb  Corriger Verb conjugations are required to express whether the action happens in the past, present or future. In English, we use -ing and -ed endings, but its a bit more complicated in French. This is because the verb changes with the subject pronoun as well as the tense. Corriger  is a  spelling change verb  and that makes it a tricky one, particularly when writing it. While the pronunciation remains the same, you will notice that a few of these conjugations change the   -ge-  to -gi-. This is done in -ger  verbs to retain the proper G sound. Use the table to study the various conjugations of  corriger. You will match the subject pronoun the  je, tu, nous, etc. with the present, future, or imperfect past tense. For instance, I am correcting is je corrige and we will correct is nous corrigerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je corrige corrigerai corrigeais tu corriges corrigeras corrigeais il corrige corrigera corrigeait nous corrigeons corrigerons corrigions vous corrigez corrigerez corrigiez ils corrigent corrigeront corrigeaient The Present Participle of  Corriger To form the  present participle  of corriger, -ant  is added to the verb stem. This produces  corrigeant  and it works as an adjective, gerund, or noun as well as a verb. Corrigers Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a familiar way to express the past tense of corrected. To use this, you must first conjugate  avoir, which is an  auxiliary, or helping verb.  The  past participle  corrigà ©Ã‚  is then added to complete the phrase. For instance, I corrected is jai corrigà © and we corrected is nous avons corrigà ©. Notice how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and that the past participle does not change. More Simple  Corriger  Conjugations to Learn Beginning French students should concentrate on the past, present, and future verb forms of  corriger. There may, however, be instances when one of the following conjugations is necessary. The subjunctive verb mood is used when the action is uncertain or subjective. Likewise, the conditional verb mood is reserved for those times when the action may or may not happen because its dependent on something.   Its likely that you will not use the passà © simple because it tends to be used in formal French writing. However, you should be able to recognize and associate it with  corriger. The same can be said of the imperfect subjunctive form. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je corrige corrigerais corrigeai corrigeasse tu corriges corrigerais corrigeas corrigeasses il corrige corrigerait corrigea corriget nous corrigions corrigerions corrigemes corrigeassions vous corrigiez corrigeriez corrigetes corrigeassiez ils corrigent corrigeraient corrigrent corrigeassent The imperative verb form may be useful as well. This is used in short and often direct commands or requests. When using the imperative, the subject pronoun is not required, so you can say corrige rather than tu corrige. Imperative (tu) corrige (nous) corrigeons (vous) corrigez

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Write about ( the maze runner ) movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write about ( the maze runner ) movie - Essay Example The movie depicts that initially boys are unaware about an experiment they were involved in. Such experiments are of interest to me as in my educational period I want to conduct a research on how people react when they are made part of an experiment without them knowing about the experiment. The movie depicts a girl named Teresa who is the only girl within the movie and her role in the movie is to help the boys in escaping the maze and attaining freedom. The girl has two important parts to play in the movie. First she is the one who has the antidote to help those who have been stung by the grievers and second she is the one to realize that they are a part of an experiment. If I would have been in her shoes in the movie, I would have never informed others about the antidote and saved it to help those who were crucial to help them in escaping the maze, instead of providing those individuals with the antidote who aimed at killing the protagonist. Secondly, I would have never informed th at we were in an experiment and would have allowed others to identify that they were in an experiment on their

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Cultural Food - Tomatoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cultural Food - Tomatoes - Essay Example There is further speculation as to how the tomato became more widely available. The most popular school of thought is that Cortez, who was a Spanish explorer who took over the now called Mexico City in 1521 took the yellow fruit to Europe where it gained popularity. Another school of thought is that Christopher Columbus was the first to introduce the tomato. Regardless of this, there was mention of the tomato in European literature in 1544 where it was referred to as a golden apple. The modern-day name tomato is derived from the Nahuatl language but the name Lycopersicum literally translated means ‘wolf-peach’. This was thought to be a reflection of the widely held view, particularly in Europe that the fruit was poisonous and could, therefore, be used to protect against wolves. From a very early stage, tomatoes have been seen as a perfect fruit for cooking in many cultures. Culturally they were very important to those in Southern Mexico region of Pueblo thinking that anyone who saw another individual eating a tomato would gain divination powers. Culturally the tomato had a bit of a slower introduction within Europe. Whilst the Mediterranean climate was perfect for tomato growing there was no immediate evidence that it was used as food. There is evidence that the Spanish used the tomato as fruit from the early 1600s although it is possible that it was recognized as a food before then. Clear recipes including tomatoes were published in 1692 but it was also evident that the main role of the tomato across much of Europe was as a table decoration and not as a food. By contrast in England, the tomato did not get cultivated until the late 16th, early 17th century. There is no denying that the tomato has become a critically important element of modern society and recognized on a global level as an important food item. In modern society, there is a positive attitude towards the fruit although deeply rooted historical perceptions have now shaped the symbolic influence of this widely accepted fruit, be it negative or positive.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Stepping out Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stepping out - Essay Example n expressing their desires.  It should not be surprising then that quite a majority of females have once had these desires without the public knowledge, which makes them either lesbians or bisexuals. Recent studies have also indicated that the contemporary society is getting more comfortable with the concept of lesbianism and homosexuality, (Schroeder 5-6) as opposed to several years ago. Lesbians have a right to pursue their feeling just as anybody else, and their sexual orientation is purely informed by the fact that females are emotional beings. Many lesbians have developed their sexual orientations because of both physical and mental reasons (Walker et al 391). Traditionally, women have felt a need to have much more satisfying relationships that are based on trust, love and understanding. However, this  has not been gotten in heterosexual relationships as many women consider them unsatisfactory; females understand each other’s needs more than men do. Because of this disconnect, females tend to turn to fellow females for emotional and sexual gratification. Given that sexual orientation is discovered rather than decided at birth, it must be understood if a female’s sexual orientation is towards fellow females than towards males as is the norm, accepting one’s sexuality is more helpful than denial as it may lead to multiple psychological problems. For instance, the stigmatization of lesbianism may cause psychological trauma to lesbians, which has far reached repercussions in their later lives (Hilton and Szymanski 292-293). In this regard, lesbians must be given the love and support of family, friends and society without discrimination; moreover, it should also be acknowledged that lesbianism does not destabilize the norm of heterosexual relationships in any way as opposed to the fears of those who reject it. Lesbianism in any case should be looked at as an alternative form of relationship to females, rather than being ostracized in society. Lesbians have

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Harmful Effects Of Coal Mining Environmental Sciences Essay

The Harmful Effects Of Coal Mining Environmental Sciences Essay Coal mining particularly surface mining requires large areas of land to be temporary disturbed. It causes and number of harmful effects. This raises environmental and human challenges, including, the impact of its activities on the neighboring community, impacts on biodiversity, water and air pollution. Trees, plants, and topsoil are cleared from coal mining areas, destroying forests and wildlife habitat, encouraging soil erosion and floods, and stirring up dust pollution that can cause respiratory problems in local communities. Underground mining, including an intensive method known as long wall mining, leaves behind empty underground spaces which can collapse and cause the land above to sink. Known as subsidence, this process can cause serious structural damage to homes, buildings, and roads when the land collapses beneath them. This destructive mining method destroys habitat, eliminates forests, and damages local property. The government estimates that if this mining continues unabated Appalachia it will destroy 1.4 million acres of land by 2020. Coal mining and coal preparation both stir up small dust and coal particles, which combine with other chemicals in the air and can cause serious and potentially fatal respiratory problems like black lung. About 75 percent of all local shipments in the U.S. are made via railroads, which are one of the nations largest sources of soot and smog pollution. Both soot and Fig. 1. A cartoon shows the environmental effects of coal mining (Joel Pett). smog can cause health problems, including respiratory problems and increased risk of asthma attacks. Coal-laden railcars and trucks also cause soot pollution when coal dust blows off into the surrounding air. Coal mining releases about 26 percent of all energy-related methane emissions in the U.S. each year. Methane is a global warning gas more than 20 times as potent as carbon dioxide, and is released from surrounding rocks when coal is mined, as well as during coal preparation and transportation. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, methane has a global warming potential 21 times greater than that of carbon dioxide on a 100 year time line. While burning coal in power plants is most harmful to air quality, due to the emission of dangerous gases, the process of mining can release pockets of hazardous gases. These gases may pose a threat to coal miners as well as a source of air pollution. This due to the relaxation of pressure and fracturing of the strata during mining activity, which gives rise to serious safety concerns for the coal miners if not managed properly. The buildup of pressure in the strata can lead to explosions during or after the mining process if prevention methods, such as methane draining are not taken. A common source of acid mine drainage is abandoned mines that fill with water that becomes acidic and mixes with heavy metals and minerals. When this toxic water leaks out, it combines with groundwater and streams, causing water pollution, damaging soils, and harming humans and animals. For example, in Pennsylvania alone acid mine drainage has polluted more than 3,000 miles of streams and ground waters, which affects all four major river basins on the state. Coal preparation uses large quantities of water and chemicals to separate impurities from mined coal, washing away the wastes in a sludge known as slurry. Up to 90 million gallons of slurry are produced every year in the U.S. In 2000, a 72-acre slurry impoundment in Martin County, KY breached, spilling 250 million gallons of water and 31 million gallons of local wastes into the local watershed-over twenty times the amount of oil spilled when the Exxon Valdez ran aground. Mountaintop removal mining involves literally blowing the t ops off mountains to reach thin seams of coal. Then, to minimize waste disposal costs, mining companies dump millions of tons of waste rock into the valleys and streams below, causing permanent damage to the ecosystem and landscape. This destructive practice has damaged or destroyed approximately 1,200 miles of streams, disrupted drinking water supplies, and flooded communities. Black lung is a group of respiratory disease in coal miners that can cause serious lung disease and death. About 12,000 miners died from black lung in the U.S. in the ten-year period ending in 2002. Symptoms include coughing, spitting up black material, shortness of breath, and eventual hardening and scarring of the lungs. Although some of the symptoms can be alleviated, there is no known cure for black lung and reversal of the symptoms. Like all occupational diseases, black lung is man-made and can be prevented. In fact, the U.S. Congress ordered black lung to be eradicated from the coal industry in 1969. Today, it is estimated that former coal miners each year die an agonizing death in often isolated rural communities, away from the spotlight of publicity. Those who are falling ill and dying are not just the coal miners. Everyone who lives near the mines or processing plants or transportation centers is affected by chronic socioeconomics weakness that takes a tool on longevity and health. Residents of coal- mining communities have long complained of impaired health. This study substantiates their claims. Those residents are at an increased risk of developing chronic heart, lung and kidney diseases (Michael Hendryx). Coal mining can destroy sources of local revenue, including losses from tourism and recreation, such as the estimated $67 million lost annually in Pennsylvania from sport fishing because of streams too polluted from acid mine drainage. Coal mining can also damage homes and decrease property value, making it hard for people to sell their houses and move. Coal mining has been a decreasing source of jobs over the last two decades and is still considered to be one of the most dangerous jobs in America. Estimates of mining production and working coal miners show that between 1985 and 2005 mining production in the U.S. increased 22 percent, while the number of coal miners decreased by about 55 percent. The average income of coal miners has also been on the decline, dropping 20 percent over the same period. In 1952, Alabama became the first state to provide compensation for coal workers pneumoconiosis. A few years later, Virginia recognized the disease as compensable, but pressures were exe rted the following year and the amendment was repealed. Pennsylvania enacted legislation effective on December 1, 1965, and Virginia again amended its compensation law in 1968. Late in 1968, a number of miners organized the West Virginia Black Lung Association, which successfully led a campaign to introduce a bill in the 1969 session of the West Virginia legislature making coal workers pneumoconiosis a compensable disease. The compensation bill was quickly made a major issue by the Black Lung Association and militant miners in February when the legislation ran into opposition from the coal-operator-dominated legislature. Most of the 40,000 miners in West Virginia walked out of the mines, and large number of them marched on the state capitol in Charleston demanding passage of the bill. This was one of the largest and longest strikes ever on the single issue of occupational health.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Agriculture In More and Less Developed Countries Essay -- Agriculture

Dark, thick smoke rises from the engine of a huge tractor that is plowing the plains of Dumas, Texas with enough power and technology to plow fifteen rows at one time. While just overseas in Pakistan a farmer works to plow one row in his field with the help of his oxen. Both farmers come home late at night, one just the same as the other, but the work they have accomplished for the day will be drastically different. The farmer in Pakistan farms 2.5 acres of land hoping to use what he harvests for feeding his family and his village. The farmer in Dumas farms 500 acres of land, which is 200 times the size of the farmer's land in Pakistan, and he uses what he harvests to make a living and to sell to grocery stores in the United States. Agriculture is practiced all over the world but agriculture in one country can be far different than in another country. The world can be divided into the less developed countries, where the output of the farm is used on or near the farm where it i s produced, and the more developed countries, where the farmer sells the crops and livestock. There are some major differences between what we do in the United States and what others do in other countries concerning agriculture. As one can see, agriculture is a very important way of life for many different people all over the world. The uses of agriculture are very different throughout the world considering whether the country is more or less developed. First, we must define agriculture and determine how agriculture began. Agriculture is the deliberate modification of Earth's surface by cultivating or caring for plants and rearing animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain (1). So how did agriculture begin in the United States? Before agric... ..., so maybe someday they can be more fortunate in their living conditions. Through agriculture, we as humans are surviving together as we provide for each other. Works Cited: 1. Rubenstein, James M. An Introduction To Human Geography. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996. Sources of Information 2. "History of Agriculture." 199?. http://www.ag.usask.ca/cofa/displays/college/plains/history.html (16 April 1998) 3. "The Nation and the People." 1996. http://www.prica.org/indonesia/nation_people/econ2.html#Agri (16 April 1998) 4. "Pakistan Goverment - Agriculture." 199?. http://www.pak.gov.pk/govt/agri7.htm(16 April 1998) 5. http://www.ext.missouri.-edu/agebb/commag/index.htm (16 April 1998) 6. Deterling, Del. "Grain Growers Look South for Markets" 1998. http://www.progressivefarmer.com/markets/0498/south/index.html (16 April 1998)

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Managing Cultural Diveristy

SHMS – Leysin| Leadership Across Cultures| Managing Workforce Diversity| 131LAC| Mukhtar Mammadov| BAHE 2| 3/22/2013 | Table of Contents Introduction2 Discussion3 Conclusion7 Introduction Culture in its many forms and approaches is a very popular subject researched by many authors. The definition of culture from Geert Hofstede, the most cited social scientist according to Powell (2006) comes as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of humans from another†. (1982) He mentions that these differences exist in nations, geographic regions, generations, genders, social classes and many more.As Hofstede simply puts it, â€Å"the unwritten rules of the social game†. (2013) It has also been described in a less scientific language as â€Å"something to do with the people and unique quality and style of organization†, (Kilmann et al. 1985) and â€Å"the way we do things around here†. (Deal & Kenned y, 1982) Other sources provide hundreds of various definitions. Lee and Yu (2004) argue that the number of definitions is so broad because of the versatile approaches and frameworks in which culture is researched. The 3 main social sciences – psychology, anthropology and sociology have different views on the issue.However, the researchers tend to agree that culture cannot be defined using one universal definition. Groeschl and Doherty(2000) quote Tayeb (1994), who argues that â€Å"culture is too fundamental to be solved through tighter definition†. Greater implication for the managerial tasks, however, comes from the cultural diversity. Cox (1993) defines diversity as â€Å"representation, in one social system, of people with distinctly different group affiliations of cultural significance†. Factors differentiating these people include cultural background, race, education, age, physical and cognitive ability among other. Seymen, 2006) These criteria indicate th at difference is significant not only at the level of national or ethnic customization but also at an internal, individual level. In the modern globalized world, people of various backgrounds inevitably meet, work in teams, arrange business deals, receive and provide service to each other and live together in the same environment. In such conditions, individuals and especially companies, poorly prepared to the variety of values, beliefs and attitudes towards same issues will find themselves at a disadvantage.This report will outline the issues of managing cultural diversity, their importance in hospitality industry as well as benefits and disadvantages. Further, the importance of diversity recruitment will be discussed along with contemporary theories and strategies used to gain competitive advantage. As the topic is very broad, The main issues and in recruitment policies will be briefly outlined followed by a focused discussion on selecting and recruiting employees and managers for international assignments (IA). DiscussionTwo interconnected activities have been identified that can grant companies a competitive advantage in terms of cultural difference: 1) having a diverse workforce and 2) managing the workforce diversity. (Aghazadeh, 2004) Aghazadeh discusses the forecasted changes in demographics and argues that having diverse workforce and being prepared to the demographic changes will also be ready to the change in market demands, giving it a competitive advantage. (2004) By doing so companies will have an inner source of information what the customer base expects an on dealing with the community.A diverse workforce also brings with it an obvious benefit of the language skills. According to White (1999, p. 477), having a diverse workforce benefits companies in 5 ways: * Easier attraction and retaining of the human talent. * Ability to understand and penetrate wider and enhanced markets. * Higher creativity and innovation * Better problem solving ability * Better adaptation to change and organizational flexibility Building a diverse workforce alone is not enough to gain the advantages connected to it. In order to benefit from the multicultural environment, it is important to effectively manage the diversity of existing staff.Magdaleno and Kleiner predicted that effective management of workforce diversity â€Å"will become the major determinate of the continued survival and success†¦ â€Å". (1996) A strong organizational culture can be a priceless intangible asset for any company that plans to grow. A â€Å"strong culture† must include artifacts such as rituals and organizational stories to illustrate particular cultural traits. (Lee & Yu, 2004) The research by Denison (1984) has revealed that there is direct correlation between 1)organization of work, 2)decision making and financial performance.Various techniques and strategies, such as recruitment, training, managing â€Å"culture shock† and using predictors su ch as personality traits for international assignments can be used in aligning diversity management with requirements. (Gabel et al. , 2005; Migliore, 2011; Uwaje, 2009; Harvey, 2012; Tipper, 2004) Workforce diversity and its management, due to complexity, has several disadvantages. First and most obvious is the increase in training expenditures. The trainings such as lectures and seminars â€Å"are given to all levels of staff within the organization† are associated with high costs. Aghazadeh, 2004) Secondly, there is a threat of reverse discrimination. (Brunner, 2003) Reverse discrimination takes place when the cultural majority (e. g. Caucasian) claims to have been discriminated by a minority. Such events occur because of the appraisal and affirmation of a minority with little consideration for the majority. Another major drawback is the high probability of conflicts. (White, 1999, p. 478) Aghazadeh states that such incidents usually occur as a result of an individual's fe eling superior. 2004) Indeed, it is a common sight that, for example, an older employee has disagreements and misunderstandings with younger. It can, however be combated using ongoing training and managerial intervention. A study by Bajawa (2006) on the executives' opinions on the advantages and disadvantages of culturally diverse workforce discovered that they are not threatened by possible negative effects. As one of the senior HR managers responsible for diversity policy and implementation mentioned, he does not think there are any disadvantages; â€Å"they are all advantages – †¦ etention of employees, reduced training costs, attraction in the first place†¦ â€Å". Not only has he mentioned the positive effects but also finds that diversifying and managing workforce correctly reduces the training costs. In the hospitality industry managing cultural diversity is perhaps even more important that most other industries, – diverse staff body constantly inter acts with customers of various cultural background and on every level of operation. (Baum et al. , 2007) Particularly in hotel, tourism and travel industries the amount of intercultural communication can be overwhelming.It is, therefore of grave importance to carefully develop and apply practices necessary to upkeep employee motivation and comfort. One of the strategies that can be used to manage cultural diversity is to understand the importance and carefully implement practices in recruiting the diverse workforce. Hiring the best candidate for the job available, regardless of the cultural background also assures a reliable, diverse pool of talent is available for promotion, since many companies prefer to look for managers internally.D'Netto and Sohal (1999) provide a list of the best practices popular in recruiting diverse workforce: development of job description, that complies with anti-discrimination legislation and that covers experiences and qualifications; job advertisements in a number of languages; presence of diverse managers in selection boards; implementing user-friendly techniques allowing interviewees an easy understanding and ability to answer questions to their best ability. They also argue that most managers fail at adjusting interviews to diverse candidate base.According to Tipper (2004), there are 5 elements for a successful diversity recruitment strategy: 1) Knowing the market. It is essential to know the pool of available talented candidates in order to effectively recruit from minority groups. These employees can then be used internally in coordination with sales and marketing departments to develop a more â€Å"sophisticated marketing strategy for attracting and retaining diverse customers†. By doing so companies hit 2 hares with 1 shot – get talented employees and enhance their marketing strategies. 2) Build the business case.Letting the hiring managers understand and appreciate the reasons and benefits for diversity recr uitment can make a great difference. Successful companies put presence of cultural diversity in their ranks as an improvement to their bottom-line and benefit from financial improvements. 3) Channels to Market. Widening the number of channels used to advertise available positions might greatly improve the chances for success in diversity recruitment. Placing information in magazines, journals and websites popular among the known talent market instead of only national, traditional media can be a decisive factor.It is important, however, to notice, that some minorities might be suspicious about the reasons for companies to target them as potential employees. Therefore it has to be clearly communicated why companies target diverse employees. 4) Reward recruiters. It takes money, time and skill to produce desired results. Therefore successful recruiters should be legitimately rewarded for their efforts in this, sometimes undervalued, issue. Tipper suggests that 5-10% of the hiring manag er's pay should be â€Å"based on diversity recruitment and retention results†. ) An ongoing focus. The task is not finished once new diverse employees have been recruited. After the successful â€Å"first step† the new personnel needs to be trained on an ongoing basis. At the same time companies must understand the inner drivers and motivators of their staff. To do so, additional measures like informing supervisors of the importance of minority employees, hiring internal audits and diversity policy communication tools should be implemented. For the hospitality industry, given its nature, there is an increased need or developing and implementing the strategies and techniques to recruiting and retaining talented diversity. Taking into consideration the international customer bases making up the majority of hotels' and airlines' clientele, a multicultural workforce may generate better experiences and in the long term, generate substantial financial and reputational benef its. Re-recruiting or simply assigning an employee to a new workplace abroad (further International Assignment or IA) requires additional measures to ensure successful execution.The managers assigned to work abroad need to be able to adjust to the new environment in the shortest period of time to provide maximum effectiveness. As in many cases these individuals experienced themselves as a part of majority, behavior as a minority representative in an another country may change dramatically, resulting in a phenomenon known as â€Å"Culture Shock†. Ward et al. (2005) argue that under shock, culture is rejected leading to anxiety and aggressiveness. Contemporary psychological research has revealed methods capable of predicting cultural adaptation.A study by Gabel et al. (2005) discovered that emotional intelligence (EI) above other factors, including empathy and social relations can predict the rate of adaptation to IA. Findings indicate that individuals with higher EI scales ten ded to adapt to the new cross-cultural environments better reducing the chance of them willing to terminate assignments. As EI is associated with the neuroticism dimension (also known as emotional stability) of the Big Five personality model used as a basis for many psychometric tests, this trait can be measured before the IA of an individual.It can have its implications when hiring a new manager for an IA or better preparing an existing employee. A latter research by Migliore (2011) has found correlations between the Big Five personality traits and the cultural dimensions presented by Geert Hofstede. It has detected particular connections between specific dimensions of the two theories: Extraversion | Individualism| Agreeableness | Power Distance| Conscientiousness | Masculinity| Neuroticism | Uncertainty Avoidance| Openness | Time Orientation| It might be difficult to measure the cultural preferences of an employee.Psychometric testing, aligned with the above mentioned findings of fers a reliable way to compare the psychological profile of an employee with the cultural context of the location of new assignment on an individual level. Cain (2012) classifies some nations as introverted or extroverted. According to her, Finland and Japan are highly introverted, while the US is an extroverted country. Although she does not provide any correlations between personality and cultural dimensions, there is evidence of extroversion aligning with individualism, while introversion is closer to group orientation.Therefore, for example, a Finnish employee might find himself uncomfortable in the dynamic US, but have easier time adapting in Japan than an American at least as far as individualism dimension goes. Conclusion A multicultural workforce has its advantages and disadvantages. It is essential, especially in the hospitality industry, to engage in culturally diverse recruitment, as it enhances understanding and communication with the customer base, makes organizations m ore flexible and innovative, helps attract and retain talents and simply have a positive image of social responsibility in the media.Although it is associated with some drawbacks, such as increased costs of training, conflicts and misunderstanding among the employees, executives and researchers believe that building diversity in a company lead it to a competitive advantage. It has been shown, however, that simply employing diverse workforce is not enough; strategies for correct recruitment, retaining and training employees are necessary to reap the benefits. It is important to attract and select the right candidates through methods which do not affect their cultural background.In order to do so both internal and external measures need to be taken. Externally, it is important to clarify the reasons why cultural diversity is pursued in an organization, utilize the correct media channels. From inside the companies it is required to clearly state and create understanding of how cultural diversity in the organization benefits it intangibly and financially rather than â€Å"because it is the right thing to do†. It is also important to keep in mind the management's efforts towards quality staff recruitment and to carry on the diversity policies on an ongoing basis.Another issue is the regular need to send managers and employees to international assignments. During these tasks there is a high probability of culture shock happening to traveling individuals without appropriate preparation. The resent research in psychology has revealed several ways of predicting successful adaptation to the international assignments. High scores in factors such as emotional intelligence were found to be able to forecast quick overcoming of culture shock and reducing the threat of rejecting assignments/withdrawal.Furthermore, it is possible to test the approximate correlations between the culture of destination and the personal habits of an individual using the psychometric tests. Overall, there are many strategies and methods to managing workforce diversity, but only careful and sophisticated organizational culture and established policies can lead to the highest levels of rewards it can bring. As long as the concern about multicultural staff is genuine, is communicated extensively and is perceived to be true, it will grant great competitive advantage.Bibliography Aghazadeh, S. (2004). Managing Workforce Diversity as an Essential Resource for Improving Organizational Performance, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. [e-journal] 53(6), pp. 532-531. Available Through: Emerald ;http://www. emeraldinsight. com. ezproxy. derby. ac. uk/journals. htm? issn=1741-0401;volume=53;issue=6;articleid=1509196;show=html; [Accessed 21 March 2013] Bajawa, A. and Woodall, J. (2006).Equal Opportunity and Diversity Management Meet Downsizing: A Case Study in the UK Airline Industry, Employee Relations. [e-journal] 28(1), pp. 46-61. Available Through : Emerald ;http://www. emeraldinsight. com. ezproxy. derby. ac. uk/journals. htm? issn=0142-5455;volume=28;issue=1;articleid=1535132;show=html; [Accessed 21 March 2013] Baum, T. , Dutton, E. , Karimi, S. , Kokkranikal, J,. , Devine, D. and Hearns, N. (2007). Cultural Diversity in Hospitality Work, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal.